Participants whose self-control strength has been experimentally reduced with the first task (“depletion task”) are expected to perform worse on the second task. Then a second task follows, in which each participant has to invest self-control in order to succeed. In this paradigm, participants are requested to first work on a task that is thought to require high levels of self-control (i.e., experimental condition) or a similar task that presumably requires close to no self-control (i.e., control condition). While some criticism refers to the mechanistic underpinning ( Beedie and Lane, 2012), specific criticism has been directed toward the experimental setups that have traditionally been used in self-control research, in particular what is known as the sequential two-task paradigm (e.g., Lee et al., 2016). Although a large body of research initially supported the strength model ( Hagger et al., 2010), its validity has been questioned in recent years on empirical as well as theoretical grounds (e.g., Beedie and Lane, 2012 Lee et al., 2016). ![]() In the last two decades, research on self-control has been shaped by hypotheses derived from the highly popular strength model of self-control ( Baumeister et al., 1998). Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the temporal dynamics and potential interactions of presumably relevant subjective, behavioral, and physiological markers that have been associated with self-control exertion in prior research. There are more than a few controversial issues to be resolved, however: One is that only little is known about the psychological and physiological processes involved during the implementation of self-control. In light of the importance of self-control in reaching valued goals, a variety of theories and models have been proposed to explain why self-control can sometimes fail (e.g., Kurzban et al., 2013 Shenhav et al., 2013 Wolff and Martarelli, 2020). ![]() For example, self-control needs to be applied if one wants to inhibit an impulse or resist a temptation that would be at odds with one’s ongoing goal pursuit (e.g., Fujita, 2011). Self-control refers to “the set of mechanisms required to pursue a goal, especially when distraction and/or strong (e.g., habitual) competing responses must be overcome” ( Shenhav et al., 2013, p. Theoretical and methodological implications for self-control theory and future empirical work are discussed. These results suggest that there is a disconnect between different measures of self-control with high intra- and interindividual variability. However, behavioral, subjective, and physiological measures were not significantly correlated. While pupil size and subjective vitality showed similar trajectories in the two tasks, behavioral performance decreased in the inhibitory control-demanding task, but not in the control task. Subjective vitality was measured before and after the tasks. Behavioral performance and pupil size were measured during the tasks. Participants completed both a task requiring inhibitory control (Go/No-Go task) and a control task (two-choice task). In order to track changes that occur over the course of exposure to a self-control task, we investigate and compare behavioral, subjective, and physiological indicators during the exertion of self-control. This limited understanding is in large part due to a variety of different tests and measures used to assess self-control, as well as the lack of empirical studies examining the temporal dynamics during the exertion of self-control. There is an ongoing debate about how to test and operationalize self-control. ![]()
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